Rotational Symmetry

Geometry & Measurement

A figure has rotational symmetry if it looks identical to itself after being rotated by some angle less than 360 degrees about its center.

Formula

\text{Minimum rotation angle} = \frac{360}{\text{order}}
Visualization

Definition

A shape has rotational symmetry of order $n$ if rotating it by $360/n$ degrees about the center maps it onto itself, and $n$ is the largest such integer, so the minimum angle of rotation is $360/n$ degrees; all regular n-gons have rotational symmetry of order $n$, and every shape has "trivial" rotational symmetry of order $1$ at $360$ degrees. A figure with rotational symmetry of order $2$ also has point symmetry. Formally, the rotation $R_{360/n}$ is an element of the symmetry group $\text{Sym}(F)$, and the cyclic subgroup it generates is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_n$; combined with reflections, the full symmetry group becomes the dihedral group $D_n$. For 3-D objects, rotational symmetry about different axes generates groups such as cyclic ($C_n$), dihedral ($D_n$), tetrahedral ($T$), octahedral ($O$), and icosahedral ($I$) groups; the five Platonic solids have rotational symmetry groups $T$ ($12$ elements) for the tetrahedron, $O$ ($24$ elements) for the cube and octahedron, and $I$ ($60$ elements) for the dodecahedron and icosahedron, and these are the only finite subgroups of $SO(3)$.

Example

A square has rotational symmetry of order $4$, looking the same after $90$, $180$, $270$, and $360$ degree turns; an equilateral triangle has order $3$, and a regular hexagon has order $6$. A regular pentagon has order $5$ (minimum rotation $72$ degrees), while a rectangle that is not a square has order $2$ ($180$ degrees only), as do the letters "S," "N," and "Z."

Key Insight

A circle has infinite rotational symmetry, since any rotation maps it to itself. Rotational symmetry of order $n$ means the shape is invariant under the cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}_n$ of rotations, and the classification of all finite subgroups of $SO(3)$, cyclic, dihedral, and the three exceptional groups $T$, $O$, $I$ corresponding to the Platonic solids, connects group theory to solid geometry in a complete and beautiful way.